This story was originally published on the World Economic Forum on September 28, 2017.
You’ve probably heard about conflict diamonds, from news coverage or even from the Leonardo DiCaprio blockbuster Blood Diamond, which delves into the violent origins of the precious stones. Around the world, consumers are increasingly taking steps to ensure they’re not purchasing a blood diamond when shopping for an engagement ring.
Few of us take the same precaution with our electronics.
Here’s a dirty secret, though: Your smartphone is made with conflict minerals. So is your computer, iPad, Fitbit and any number of other electronics.
As with conflict diamonds, many of the minerals in these devices come from war-torn regions rife with human rights abuses and unsafe working conditions. According to the official guidelines determined by US legislation, conflict minerals include tantalum (used to make capacitors and high power resistors), tungsten (used to make filaments), tin (used to make solders for electronic circuits), and gold (used in electronic circuit boards) mined in the Congo, Angola, Rwanda and seven other nearby nations. Experts are calling for cobalt, an element used to make the rechargeable batteries found in most electronic devices, to be added to the list. An investigation by the Washington Post published last year traced cobalt used by major manufacturers back to hazardous, hand-dug mines in the Congo.
Meanwhile, terrible working conditions aren’t limited to mines in Africa. Electronic companies depend on raw materials from countries where forced and child labour is common, such as India and China.
Complex global supply chains make it incredibly difficult (if not impossible) for companies to determine whether human rights’ abuses occur at any point in the supply pipeline. It’s not uncommon for minerals to pass through 10 different parties on their way to the manufacturer. Deals are often based on multi-generational connections, and transparency is voluntary, a combination that allows inhumane working conditions to fester.
Every time you buy a new electronic device, you’re likely funding the conflict mineral industry. Collectively we’re pouring billions into the sector: 1.53 billion smartphones are expected to ship this year alone.
The challenge of disposal
The problem is compounded by the way we dispose of our electronics. Only 29% of electronics in the US are recycled. The rest end up in landfills, where they leach chemicals, including bromides, beryllium, and lead, into the soil and groundwater.
Recycling might seem like a better option. But, in reality, the name is usually a misnomer. Up to 80% of the recycled electronic material in the US is shipped overseas. China, India, Ghana, and Pakistan are full of e-graveyards where workers burn the electronics to remove metal components, breathing in the toxic fumes.
Most of the recycled products that don’t end up overseas are sent to a smelter. But even this best-case scenario is problematic: while a few metals are extracted in the smelting process, the rest of the materials are left to burn. This, in turn, releases harmful compounds including dioxins and furans into the atmosphere, while also contaminating the remaining slag.
As the global middle class expands, so does the scale of the problem. E-waste is the fastest growing waste stream: By 2020, there will be 20.4 billion connected devices, according to research firm Gartner. Unless we make some drastic changes, the majority will end up in a landfill. We’re hurtling toward a full-blown humanitarian and environmental crisis.
Digging ourselves out of the e-waste dilemma
The need for action is self-evident. And the end-goal is clear: finding more sustainable ways to make, recycle and reuse our electronics. It’s the “how” that’s tricky.
Rapid technological advances and built-in obsolescence mean a continual consumer demand for newer and better gadgets. While noble in intent, demanding that manufacturers simply track and eliminate conflict minerals may be too complicated to ever realistically implement. Encouraging consumers to refurbish used devices instead of throwing them away by improving their repairability is a viable option. But as tech companies continue to push out new products, its impact will be limited.
Instead, we must overhaul the supply chain.
At present, we have a cradle-to-grave system: electronics are made, sold and then buried in landfills. To achieve meaningful change, we need to transition to a cradle-to-cradle cycle, in which manufacturers become custodians of the minerals used in their electronics. In this circular economy, old electronics are converted back into their mineral parts, which are then used to create brand-new devices.
To fulfill this vision of the future, we need better technology. Fortunately, on this front, we are finally making some strides. One especially promising option borrows large-scale sonic technology from the mining and heavy oil industries, where it’s traditionally used to remediate valuable but contaminated soils.
Powerful underwater sound waves are used to separate electronics into their component parts—a process that can recover all 21 minerals used to build a standard iPhone, without destroying all the plastics, fibreglass and ceramics. Not only is the operation more sustainable than incineration, but the recovered materials can re-enter the supply chain, reducing the need for manufacturers to purchase additional raw conflict minerals. I’ve seen up close the potential that this solution holds for the enormous challenge of e-waste.
At a test facility 1,000 miles north of Silicon Valley, we’ve successfully processed 36,000 pounds of circuit boards and solar panels using this technology. Without resorting to smelters or environmentally damaging processes, this process recovers over 90% of all the metals inside. More importantly, the remaining metals are still contained within the closed-loop system, waiting for a recovery in the future. This solution can scale around the globe, providing one truly viable alternative to traditional electronic recycling.
The problem of e-waste is real, serious and growing worse each year. Awareness is the first step toward a solution. As consumers, we need to raise our voices to demand that manufacturers work towards building a better supply chain. Just as we demand that our produce is organic, our coffee is fairtrade and our jewelry doesn’t come from a conflict zone, it’s time we start demanding that our smartphones are ethically and sustainably sourced. The alternative is leaving our children a mountain of toxic debt—the billions of phones, laptops, and electronics we casually bought and then just threw away.
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Всегда через сайт кракен не работает захожу |
Проверенное зеркало: сайт кракен отзывы |
Всегда рабочее зеркало: кракен маркетплейс зеркало |
Всегда рабочее зеркало: ссылка кракен даркнет |
Помогает зайти: кракен сайт вход |
Часто использую kraken актуальное зеркало |
Сайт загружается быстро через кракен ссылка сайт |
Подходит для входа: сайт кракен не работает |
Всегда рабочее зеркало: kraken ссылка даркнет |
Всё стабильно с ссылка кракен |
Надёжный вход через kraken ссылка onion |
Всегда через кракен сайт вход захожу |
Надёжный вход через кракен сайт ссылка |
Всё стабильно с кракен сайт даркнет |
Проверенное зеркало: кракен сайт тор |
Сайт загружается быстро через кракен ссылка даркнет |
Всё стабильно с кракен ссылка darknet |
Всё стабильно с кракен ссылка впн |
Рад, что нашел сайт кракен отзывы |
Рад, что нашел кракен ссылка на зеркало |
Подходит для входа: сайт кракен отзывы |
Сайт загружается быстро через кракен ссылка официальная |
Стабильный доступ через ссылка кракен |
Надёжный сайт: кракен сайт телеграм |
Рекомендую кракен зеркало тг |
Давно использую кракен сайт магазин |
Всегда рабочее зеркало: кракен сайт магазин |
Рекомендую кракен ссылка форум |
Хорошая ссылка: кракен зеркало даркнет |
Проверенное зеркало: ссылка кракен даркнет |
Стабильный доступ через кракен ссылка onion |
Очень доволен кракен маркетплейс зеркало! |
Очень доволен кракен зеркало тор! |
Всё стабильно с кракен ссылка вход |
Пользуюсь только сайт кракен онион ссылка |
Очень доволен сайт кракен даркнет! |
Всегда через https://pubhis.w3devpro.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=KRAKEN_CHEREZ_TOR_55P даркнет ссылка захожу |
Сайт загружается быстро через клир ссылка кракен |
Рад, что нашел маркет кракен ссылка |
Рад, что нашел кракен ссылка 2025 |
Работает отлично: кракен сайт даркнет |
Очень доволен ссылка кракен! |
Часто использую кракен зеркало даркнет |
Пользуюсь только кракен сайт реклама |
Помогает зайти: кракен ссылка тор на сайт |
Рекомендую kraken ссылка тор |
Надёжный вход через сайт кракен тор |
Пользуюсь только kraken актуальное зеркало |
Работает отлично: кракен ссылка на зеркало |
Пользуюсь только кракен ссылка вход |
Сайт загружается быстро через сайт кракен онион ссылка |
Все отлично работает: kraken зеркало onion |
Всегда через кракен зеркало ссылка захожу |
Работает отлично: кракен зеркало тг |
Рад, что нашел kraken даркнет зеркало |
Работает отлично: кракен ссылка onion |
Часто использую кракен сайт онион |
Сайт загружается быстро через кракен сайт реклама |
Все отлично работает: кракен зеркало рабочее |
Всегда через ссылка кракен захожу |
Хорошая ссылка: сайт кракен это |
Спасибо за кракен зеркало вход |
Хорошая ссылка: kraken даркнет зеркало |
Проверенное зеркало: кракен зеркало тор |
Надёжный вход через сайт кракен это |
Пользуюсь только kraken зеркало onion |
Проверенное зеркало: кракен ссылка сайт |
Спасибо за ссылка кракен онион |
Всё стабильно с сайт кракен онион |
Спасибо за сайт кракен онион ссылка |
Всё стабильно с кракен ссылка даркнет |
Рад, что нашел сайт кракен вход |
Часто использую kraken даркнет зеркало |
Проверенное зеркало: кракен ссылка актуальная |
Проверенное зеркало: kraken ссылка onion |
Стабильный доступ через ссылка кракен |
Проверенное зеркало: кракен сайт отзывы |
Всегда через кракен зеркало тор захожу |
Давно использую сайт кракен даркнет |
Работает отлично: кракен маркетплейс зеркало |
Рад, что нашел кракен зеркало рабочее |
Очень доволен ссылка кракен! |
Стабильный доступ через сайт кракен официальный |
Всегда через сайт кракен даркнет ссылка захожу |
Давно использую кракен ссылка онион |
Помогает зайти: kraken зеркало onion |
Сайт загружается быстро через кракен зеркало рабочее |
Помогает зайти: кракен зеркало даркнет |
Сайт загружается быстро через сайт кракен маркетплейс |
Рекомендую kraken zerkalo |
Рекомендую ссылка кракен тор |
Работает отлично: ссылка кракен наркотики |
Надёжный сайт: kraken зеркало onion |
Рад, что нашел кракен сайт реклама |
Давно использую кракен сайт отзывы |
Все отлично работает: кракен ссылка darknet |
Часто использую ссылка кракен даркнет |
Очень доволен сайт кракен даркнет ссылка! |
Часто использую кракен ссылка форум |
Спасибо за сайт кракен это |
Хорошая ссылка: кракен сайт тор |
Рекомендую ссылка кракен тор |
Хорошая ссылка: сайт кракен зеркало |
Надёжный сайт: сайт кракен ссылка |
Помогает зайти: кракен ссылка на сайт |
Проверенное зеркало: кракен ссылка впн |
Проверенное зеркало: кракен зеркало рабочее |
Рад, что нашел сайт кракен онион ссылка |
Всё стабильно с сайт кракен даркнет ссылка |
Все отлично работает: ссылка кракен зеркало |
Проверенное зеркало: kraken зеркало |
Надёжный сайт: кракен маркетплейс зеркало |
Надёжный вход через кракен сайт |
Помогает зайти: кракен ссылка даркнет |
Рекомендую кракен ссылка онион |
Спасибо за сайт кракен вход |
Все отлично работает: кракен зеркало рабочее |
Работает отлично: кракен сайт |
Стабильный доступ через сайт кракен даркнет |
Помогает зайти: кракен зеркало даркнет |
Пользуюсь только kraken ссылка onion |
Работает отлично: ссылка кракен |
Хорошая ссылка: кракен ссылка даркнет |
Все отлично работает: kraken zerkalo |
Проверенное зеркало: кракен ссылка onion |
Рад, что нашел кракен сайт телеграм |
Давно использую кракен зеркало рабочее |
Всегда рабочее зеркало: кракен ссылка |
Надёжный вход через кракен зеркало 2025 |
Часто использую кракен зеркало даркнет |
Часто использую кракен ссылка впн |
Рекомендую ссылка кракен тор |
Хорошая ссылка: kraken ссылка даркнет |
Стабильный доступ через сайт кракен даркнет ссылка |
Рад, что нашел kraken даркнет зеркало |
Давно использую ссылка кракен зеркало |
Помогает зайти: кракен зеркало вход |
Часто использую кракен ссылка впн |
Хорошая ссылка: кракен сайт вход |
Все отлично работает: кракен сайт тор |
Стабильный доступ через ссылка кракен онион |
Проверенное зеркало: ссылка кракен даркнет маркет |
Хорошая ссылка: клир ссылка кракен |
Пользуюсь только кракен сайт онион |
Сайт загружается быстро через kraken ссылка даркнет |
Подходит для входа: кракен зеркало вход |
Всё стабильно с кракен ссылка сайт |
Хорошая ссылка: сайт кракен онион |
Часто использую kraken ссылка onion |
Надёжный вход через сайт кракен официальный |
Надёжный вход через kraken ссылка onion |
Спасибо за ссылка кракен тор |